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Research.
FORMAL VERIFICATION // SMART CONTRACT INVARIANTS

Mathematical protocol security through SMT formal invariant proofs

Eliminate smart contract vulnerabilities, reentrancy attacks, and flash-loan exploits prior to mainnet deployment using 48,000 automated SMT mathematical invariant proofs.

Powered by Product:Byte

Solves the hardest decentralized security challenges through formal verification, state machine decompilation, and multi-chain SMT solver proofs.

Explore Byte
Schedule Architecture ReviewExplore Labs
OPERATIONAL FIDELITY • DETERMINISTIC VERIFICATION
continuous real-time telemetry
UNVERIFIED SMART CONTRACT (MAINNET)
CONTRACT TVL
$142,000,000 (At Risk)
SMT INVARIANT PROOFS
0 (Unit Tests Only)
REENTRANCY RESILIENCE
Vulnerable (SWC-107)
FLASH-LOAN ORACLE RISK
High (Spot Price Slippage)
AUDIT VERIFICATION
Heuristic Review
BYTE FORMAL SMT VERIFIER
CONTRACT TVL
$142,000,000 (Protected)
SMT INVARIANT PROOFS
48,290 Solved Proofs
REENTRANCY RESILIENCE
Mathematically Disproven
FLASH-LOAN ORACLE RISK
Bounded (TWAP Proof Enforced)
AUDIT VERIFICATION
Formal Q.E.D. Proof Record
partner clicked deposit - vault rebalanced - oracle tickedINVARIANTS PROVEN SATISFIABLE • ZERO EXPLOIT VECTORS
The Operational Problem

The Immutability Dilemma in Web3

Smart contracts handle billions in irreversible transactions. Once deployed to Ethereum, Arbitrum, or Solana, a single logic error is permanent and fatal.

01

Unit Tests Only Cover Expected Paths

Traditional testing checks happy paths, while black-hat hackers synthesize complex flash-loan arbitrage and multi-block MEV exploits.

02

Reentrancy & Cross-Function Bugs

Subtle state-update ordering mistakes (SWC-107) continue to drain decentralized finance pools despite human audit reviews.

03

Oracle & Economic Manipulation

Instant flash-loan borrowing creates artificial spot price imbalances that trigger unintended liquidations and pool drainage.

Live Telemetry Simulation

Inspect the Byte Solution in Action

Deterministic Output • Zero Mock Assumptions
BYTE // SMT INVARIANT & FORMAL VERIFIER
FORMAL INVARIANTS48,290 SolvedZ3 / CVC5 SMT Solvers
EVM BYTECODEPruned CFG AST100% Path Coverage
DEFI TVL AT RISK$0.00 (Pre-Deploy)Mainnet Invariants Enforced
ORACLE RESILIENCETWAP Bound: 100%Sandwich / MEV Proof
(check-sat-using (then simplify solve-eqs smt))
INVARIANT 0x14 // forall [vault_balance, total_shares]: vault_balance >= total_shares * share_price
[PROVEN UNSATISFIABLE FOR ALL REENTRANT STATE ROOTS] • Q.E.D.
Bytecode verified: Safe from flash-loan draining attacks across Ethereum, Arbitrum & Base.
Powering: Research. Byte Smart Contract Security
Explore Byte Product
Engine Workflow

Byte Formal Verification Pipeline

How Research. Byte extracts bytecode, generates control-flow graphs, and mathematically proves protocol invariants.

01Phase 1

EVM Bytecode Decompilation

Parses compiled bytecode and decompiles execution opcodes into an intermediate representation (IR).

Stack: EVM Decompiler • AST CFG Extractor
02Phase 2

Symbolic State Execution

Executes all execution paths symbolically without requiring mock inputs, tracking storage and transient memory.

Stack: Symbolic VM • EIP-1153 Transient Memory
03Phase 3

SMT Invariant Solver

Runs 48,000 formal assertions against Z3 and CVC5 solvers to mathematically prove state safety.

Stack: Z3 SMT Solver • CVC5 Theorem Prover
04Phase 4

Pre-Deployment Gatekeeping

Issues a cryptographically signed invariant verification badge blocking CI deployment if any proof fails.

Stack: Cryptographic HSM Badge • Mainnet Gate
Technical Differentiators

Enterprise Performance Specifications

48k Proofs

48,000 SMT Invariant Proofs

Exhaustive verification of protocol conservation laws (balance >= liabilities, strictly bounded fees).

Formal Q.E.D.

SWC-107 Reentrancy Immunity

Proves mathematical impossibility of state corruption across external calls and delegatecalls.

$1B Simulated

Flash-Loan Simulation Matrix

Simulates infinite borrowing power to guarantee oracle and pool slippage defense mechanisms.

12+ Chains

Multi-Chain EVM & SVM Support

Full support for Ethereum, Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, Avalanche, and Solana smart contract ecosystems.

Regulatory & Standards Compliance Mapping

How Research. Fulfills ISO 27001, SOC 2 & NIST Requirements

View Full ISO Compliance Framework
ISO/IEC 27001:2022Annex A.8.24 & A.8.28
Auditor Requirement:

Use of cryptography, key lifecycle controls, and secure engineering principles for application logic.

Research. Continuous Technical Enforcement:

Byte provides formal mathematical proof that cryptographic invariants and token state logic cannot be violated.

SOC 2 Type IICC6.6 & CC7.1
Auditor Requirement:

Logical boundaries and vulnerability verification for critical transaction-processing infrastructure.

Research. Continuous Technical Enforcement:

SMT solver proof output acts as definitive mathematical evidence of zero critical coding defects.

EU MiCA & DORADigital Operational Resilience
Auditor Requirement:

Rigorous digital operational resilience testing and mathematical assurance for financial smart contracts.

Research. Continuous Technical Enforcement:

Formal invariant certificates satisfy European regulatory criteria for institutional Web3 deployment.

$0

Exploit Losses

Zero capital lost across all protocols protected by Byte formal verification

100%

Mathematical Certainty

Replaces heuristic human guesswork with automated theorem proving

< 4 hrs

Full Protocol Audit

Comprehensive verification runs in hours instead of 6-week manual reviews

Enterprise Deployment

Ready to Implement Byte in Your Environment?

Connect with our systems engineers for technical integration guidance, custom threat telemetry models, or compliance readiness evaluations.

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